Ifu y'ubushyuhe bwinshi nayo yitwa ifu y'ubushyuhe. Dukurikije imiterere ya matrix, ibikoresho bishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu: ishingiye kuri nikeli ishingiye ku butare n'ishingiye kuri chromium. Dukurikije uburyo bwo kuyitunganya, ishobora kugabanywamo ifu y'ubushyuhe yangiritse n'ifu y'ubushyuhe yakozwe.
Ni ibikoresho fatizo by'ingenzi mu bijyanye n'ikirere. Ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu gice cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi cya moteri zikora indege n'indege. Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora icyumba cyo gutwika, icyuma cya turbine, icyuma giyobora, compressor na turbine disk, turbine case n'ibindi bice. Ingano y'ubushyuhe bwa serivisi ni 600 ℃ - 1200 ℃. Imiterere y'umuvuduko n'ibidukikije biratandukanye bitewe n'ibice bikoreshwa. Hari ibisabwa bikomeye ku miterere ya mekanike, fiziki na chimique by'icyuma. Ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi ku mikorere, ubwizerwe n'ubuzima bwa moteri. Kubwibyo, superalloy ni imwe mu mishinga y'ingenzi y'ubushakashatsi mu bijyanye n'indege no kurinda igihugu mu bihugu byateye imbere.
Imikoreshereze y'ingenzi ya superalloys ni:
1. Ifu y'ubushyuhe bwinshi yo mu cyumba cyo gutwika
Icyumba cyo gutwika (kizwi kandi nka flame tube) cya moteri ya turbine y’indege ni kimwe mu bice by’ingenzi bikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi. Kubera ko atomization ya lisansi, kuvanga peteroli na gazi n’ibindi bikorwa mu cyumba cyo gutwika, ubushyuhe ntarengwa mu cyumba cyo gutwika bushobora kugera kuri 1500 ℃ - 2000 ℃, kandi ubushyuhe bw’urukuta mu cyumba cyo gutwika bushobora kugera kuri 1100 ℃. Muri icyo gihe, kinagira ubushyuhe n’umuvuduko wa gaze. Moteri nyinshi zifite igipimo cyo gukurura/uburemere bwinshi zikoresha ibyumba byo gutwika bigufi, bifite uburebure bugufi n’ubushobozi bwo gushyuha bwinshi. Ubushyuhe ntarengwa mu cyumba cyo gutwika bugera kuri 2000 ℃, kandi ubushyuhe bw’urukuta bugera kuri 1150 ℃ nyuma yo gukonjesha gaze cyangwa umwuka. Ubushyuhe bwinshi hagati y’ibice bitandukanye buzatuma ubushyuhe buzamuka kandi bugagabanuka cyane iyo imiterere y’imikorere ihindutse. Ibikoresho bizahura n’ihungabana ry’ubushyuhe n’umuvuduko w’ubushyuhe, kandi hazabaho guhindagurika, kwangirika n’ibindi bibazo. Muri rusange, icyumba cyo gutwika gikozwe mu cyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gishyushya, kandi ibisabwa mu bya tekiniki bikubiye muri ubu buryo bukurikira hakurikijwe imiterere y'ibice byihariye: gifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ogisijeni n'ubudahangarwa bwa gaze bitewe n'uko gikoreshwa mu gukoresha aloyi na gaze mu bushyuhe bwinshi; Gifite imbaraga zidasanzwe kandi zirambye, ubushobozi bwo kunanirwa gushyuha n'ubushobozi bwo kwaguka ku bushobozi buke bwo gusudira; Gifite ubushobozi buhagije bwo gutunganya, gukora no guhuza ibintu; Gifite ubushobozi bwo gutunganya ibintu neza mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe kugira ngo gikore neza mu gihe cy'ubuzima bwacyo.
a. Laminate ifite imyenge ya MA956 alloy
Mu ntangiriro, laminate ifite imyenge yakozwe mu rupapuro rwa HS-188 alloy binyuze mu guhuza nyuma yo gufotorwa, gucibwa, gutoborwa no gukubitwa. Urusobe rw'imbere rushobora gukorwamo umuyoboro mwiza wo gukonjesha hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu gishushanyo. Ubu bukonje bw'inyubako bukenera gusa 30% by'umwuka ukonjesha wa firime isanzwe, bishobora kunoza imikorere y'ubushyuhe bwa moteri, kugabanya ubushobozi nyabwo bwo gutwara ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho byo mu cyumba cyo gutwika, kugabanya uburemere, no kongera ikigereranyo cyo gukurura n'uburemere. Kuri ubu, biracyakenewe gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi mbere yuko rikoreshwa mu buryo bufatika. Laminate ifite imyenge ya MA956 ni ubwoko bushya bw'ibikoresho byo mu cyumba cyo gutwika byazanywe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, bishobora gukoreshwa kuri 1300 ℃.
b. Gukoresha ibirungo bya ceramic mu cyumba cyo gutwika
Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zatangiye kugenzura niba bishoboka gukoresha ibumba mu mashini zikoresha gaze kuva mu 1971. Mu 1983, amwe mu matsinda akora ibikorwa byo guteza imbere ibikoresho bigezweho muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yashyizeho urutonde rw'ibipimo by'imikorere ya mashini zikoresha gaze mu ndege zigezweho. Ibi bimenyetso ni ibi bikurikira: kongera ubushyuhe bw'aho mashini ijya kugeza kuri 2200 ℃; Gukorera mu gihe cyo gutwika kw'ibinyabutabire; Kugabanya ubucucike bukoreshwa kuri ibi bice kuva kuri 8g/cm3 kugeza kuri 5g/cm3; Kuraho gukonjesha ibice. Kugira ngo ibi bisabwa bigerweho, ibikoresho byizwe birimo grafiti, matrix y'icyuma, composites za matrix ya ceramic n'ibinyabutabire bya intermetallic hiyongereyeho ceramics imwe. Composites za matrix ya ceramic (CMC) zifite ibyiza bikurikira:
Igipimo cyo kwaguka kw'ibikoresho bya ceramic ni gito cyane ugereranyije n'icya nikeli ishingiye ku cyuma, kandi igipfundikizo cyoroshye gukuraho. Gukora ibyuma bya ceramic bifite icyuma cyo hagati bishobora gutsinda ikibazo cyo gucika, ari nacyo cyerekezo cy'iterambere ry'ibikoresho byo mu cyumba cyo gutwika. Iki gikoresho gishobora gukoreshwa n'umwuka ukonjesha wa 10% - 20%, kandi ubushyuhe bw'icyuma gikingira inyuma ni hafi 800 ℃ gusa, kandi ubushyuhe butwara ubushyuhe buri hasi cyane ugereranije n'ubwo gukonjesha no gukonjesha mu buryo butandukanye. Igipfundikizo cy'icyuma gikingira B1900 + ceramic gikoreshwa muri moteri ya V2500, kandi icyerekezo cy'iterambere ni ugusimbuza tile ya B1900 (n'igipfundikizo cya ceramic) na tile ya SiC ishingiye ku cyuma cyangwa anti-oxidation C / C. Igipfundikizo cya ceramic ni ibikoresho byo guteza imbere icyumba cyo gutwika moteri gifite uburemere bwa 15-20, kandi ubushyuhe bwacyo ni 1538 ℃ - 1650 ℃. Gikoreshwa mu muyoboro w'umuriro, urukuta rurerure n'icyuma gishyushya nyuma.
2. Ingano y'ubushyuhe bwinshi kuri turbine
Urusaku rwa turbine ya aero-moteri ni kimwe mu bice bitwara umutwaro ukabije w'ubushyuhe n'ahantu habi cyane ho gukorera muri moteri ya aero. Rugomba kwihanganira umuvuduko munini cyane kandi ugoye mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi, bityo ibisabwa mu bikoresho byarwo ni bikomeye cyane. Ibyuma bya superalloys bya turbine ya aero-moteri bigabanyijemo:
a. Ifu y'ubushyuhe bwinshi yo kuyobora
Imashini ihindura ikirere ni kimwe mu bice bya moteri ya turbine bigira ingaruka cyane ku bushyuhe. Iyo umuriro utaringaniye ubayeho mu cyumba cyo gutwika, umutwaro wo gushyushya wa turbine yo mu cyiciro cya mbere uba munini, ari nayo mpamvu nyamukuru yangiza turbine yo gukosora. Ubushyuhe bwayo buri hejuru ya 100 ℃ ugereranyije n'ubw'icyuma cya turbine. Itandukaniro ni uko ibice bidahinduka bidahura n'umutwaro wa mekanike. Ubusanzwe, byoroshye gutera umuvuduko w'ubushyuhe, kugorama, gucika kw'umuvuduko w'ubushyuhe no gushya mu gace bitewe n'impinduka zihuse z'ubushyuhe. Imashini yo gushushanya turbine igomba kugira ibi bikurikira: imbaraga zihagije z'ubushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko uhoraho w'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko mwiza w'ubushyuhe, umuvuduko mwinshi w'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko, umuvuduko w'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko, ubushobozi bwo guhindura imiterere y'impinduka, umuvuduko mwiza wo gushushanya no guhuza, hamwe n'umuvuduko wo kurinda irangi.
Muri iki gihe, moteri nyinshi zigezweho zifite igipimo cyo hejuru cyo gukurura/uburemere zikoresha ibyuma bikozwe mu buryo bwa "hollow cast blades", kandi hatoranywa superalloys zishingiye ku cyerekezo kimwe na nickel. Moteri ifite igipimo cyo hejuru cyo gukurura-uburemere ifite ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 1650 ℃ - 1930 ℃ kandi igomba kurindwa n'ubushyuhe bukabije. Ubushyuhe bw'ubushyuhe bw'icyuma cy'icyuma mu gihe cyo gukonjesha no gukurura ni burenga 1100 ℃, ibi bikaba bitanga ibisabwa bishya kandi biri hejuru ku giciro cy'ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho by'icyuma cy'icyitegererezo mu gihe kizaza.
b. Superalloys zo gukoresha ibyuma bya turbine
Ibyuma bya turbine ni byo bice by'ingenzi bizenguruka bikoresha ubushyuhe bya moteri. Ubushyuhe bwabyo buri munsi ya 50 ℃ - 100 ℃ ugereranije n'ibyuma by'ubuyobozi. Bifite umuvuduko mwinshi wa centrifugal, umuvuduko wo guhindagura, umuvuduko w'ubushyuhe, gukaraba umwuka n'ibindi bitera iyo bizenguruka, kandi imiterere y'akazi ni mibi. Igihe cy'imikorere y'ibice bishyushye bya moteri gifite igipimo cyo hejuru cyo gusuka/uburemere ni amasaha arenga 2000. Kubwibyo, ibyuma bya turbine bigomba kugira umuvuduko mwinshi wo gucika no gucika ku bushyuhe bwa serivisi, imiterere myiza y'ubushyuhe buri hejuru n'ubuciriritse, nko kunanirwa cyane no kugabanuka k'umuvuduko, umunaniro w'ubukonje n'ubushyuhe, plasticity ihagije n'ubukonje, hamwe n'uburyo bworoshye bwo kwangirika; Kurwanya ogisijeni nyinshi no kurwanya ingese; Ubushobozi bwiza bwo gutwara ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko muto wo kwaguka; Imikorere myiza yo gukata; Kuguma mu buryo bw'igihe kirekire, nta mvura ya TCP ku bushyuhe bwa serivisi. Ibyuma byakoreshejwe binyura mu byiciro bine; Imikoreshereze ya aloyi idahinduka irimo GH4033, GH4143, GH4118, nibindi; Ikoreshwa rya aloyi yo gucukura ririmo K403, K417, K418, K405, zahabu ikomeye DZ4, DZ22, aloyi imwe ya kristale DD3, DD8, PW1484, nibindi. Kuri ubu, imaze gutera imbere kugeza ku gisekuru cya gatatu cy’aloyi imwe ya kristale. Aloyi imwe ya kristale yo mu Bushinwa DD3 na DD8 zikoreshwa muri turbine zo mu Bushinwa, moteri za turbofan, kajugujugu na moteri zo mu bwato.
3. Aloyi y'ubushyuhe bwinshi kuri disiki ya turbine
Disiki ya turbine ni igice cy’ingenzi cyane cya moteri ya turbine. Ubushyuhe bw’umugozi w’uruziga rwa moteri bufite uburemere bwa 8 na 10 bugera kuri 650 ℃ na 750 ℃, kandi ubushyuhe bw’uruziga hagati ni hafi 300 ℃, hamwe n’itandukaniro rikomeye ry’ubushyuhe. Mu gihe cyo kuzenguruka bisanzwe, iyobora icyuma kuzenguruka ku muvuduko mwinshi kandi ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo hagati, imbaraga z’ubushyuhe n’imbaraga zo gutigita. Buri ntangiriro n’ihagarara ni uruziga, hagati y’uruziga. Umuhogo, hasi ku muyoboro n’umugongo byose bifite imbaraga zitandukanye. Ifu irakenewe kugira ngo ibe ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo gutanga umusaruro, imbaraga zikomeye kandi itagira ubushobozi bwo gupima ubushyuhe ku bushyuhe bwa serivisi; Ingano nto yo kwaguka kw’umurongo; Kurwanya ogisijeni no kwangirika; Imikorere myiza yo gukata.
4. Superalloy y'indege
Ingano ikomeye muri moteri ya roketi y'amazi ikoreshwa nk'igice cyo gutera lisansi mu cyumba cyo gutwika mu cyumba cyo gutwika; Inkingi ya pompe ya turbine, flange, graphite rudder fastener, nibindi. Ingano y'ubushyuhe bwinshi muri moteri ya roketi y'amazi ikoreshwa nk'igice cyo gutera lisansi mu cyumba cyo gutwika; Inkingi ya pompe ya turbine, flange, graphite rudder fastener, nibindi. GH4169 ikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho bya rotor ya turbine, shaft, shaft sleeve, bracket n'ibindi bice by'ingenzi by'ingenzi.
Ibikoresho bya rotor ya turbine bya moteri y’Amerika irimo moteri y’amazi ya rocket birimo umuyoboro w’amazi ujyamo, icyuma cya turbine na disiki. Aloyi ya GH1131 ikoreshwa cyane mu Bushinwa, kandi icyuma cya turbine giterwa n’ubushyuhe bw’imikorere. Inconel x, Alloy713c, Astroloy na Mar-M246 bigomba gukoreshwa uko bikurikirana; Ibikoresho bya disiki y’amapine birimo Inconel 718, Waspaloy, nibindi. GH4169 na GH4141 turbines zikoreshwa cyane, naho GH2038A ikoreshwa ku gice cy’umuyoboro wa moteri.